@britechguy is correct. CAPTCHA is an acronym for Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart.
The garbled text you've seen, the pattern matching, the image matching, these are all different methods but not the ONLY methods. Yes, that screen is CAPTCHA integrated, but this time designed to be invisible to the human eye but quite the problem for the machine's eye.
I'm sure there's a programmatic way around it, and when someone finds it the heuristics flag it, identify it and then the system is changed. Microsoft has done this several times in the last year alone.
Heck, it wasn't 6 months ago when you used phone signin, it would present 3 number as a choice on the mobile device to be matched and then click accept. The process changed to require the user to type in the two digit code because the former process had a 1/3 chance of authorizing a login on a random button push. Which... well... people actually DID!
Microsoft and Google both have the telemetry to keep an eye on these processes. They make changes on the fly to protect users from themselves, the system has built in adaptation. So again while all of the above isn't perfect, it's as good as reasonably can be built with the technology we have. But more importantly, it WORKS! The risk of digital impersonation while these technologies are deployed is reduced by 99%.