It may very well be an update problem, sometimes when you have malware and you do an update then when windows reboots it may stop booting at a black screen.
Sometimes when malware is blocking windows from loading you can press Ctrl + Alt + Del and open task manager and stop the malware and then from the file menu select new and run explorer.
Its odd that the internal CD drive and a external CD drive is both not working. Have you try booting to the external CD drive on a different computer?
Its also old that it wouldn't give you the option to boot in safe mode.
Have you try removing the internal CD drive and booting? It could be a hardware problem with the CD drive causing the computer not to boot.
The drive in your link was a SATA drive, if you are saying that you need a ribbon cable then the drive may be a IDE and not a SATA drive. Some USB to IDE and SATA adapters come with cables and some don't, you will have to read the adapter details and instructions to decide which one is best for what you want to do.
Here is a picture of one of the adapter with the cables:
Here's a picture of how it connects to the drives: